In the realm of governance, the doctrine of checks and balances is sacrosanct. It ensures that no single arm of government wields unchecked power, thereby safeguarding democratic principles.
Sam Okudzeto, a respected member of Ghana’s Council of State, recently articulated a critical point: members of Parliament (MPs) should not simultaneously serve as ministers of state. This assertion, though contentious, is rooted in a compelling argument about the nature of legislative and executive functions and the necessity for clear separation to enhance governance efficacy.
“How do you check something when you have one foot here and another foot there; which one is checking which? This is the problem that we have as a country.”
Sam Okudzeto, Member of the Council of State
In Ghana, out of 275 MPs, 60 serve as ministers of state, with 16 holding Cabinet positions. This dual role dilutes the legislative branch’s ability to hold the executive accountable. When MPs are also ministers, they straddle two realms of power, creating a conflict of interest that undermines their ability to critique and monitor the executive objectively.
Legislation is not a task to be taken lightly. It is a serious, full-time job that demands unwavering attention and dedication. The demands on modern MPs are vast and varied. From representing constituents’ interests, contributing to debates, participating in committee work, and scrutinizing bills, an MP’s schedule is packed.
Adding ministerial responsibilities to this already demanding role dilutes their effectiveness in both capacities. As Mr. Okudzeto aptly noted, during his time as an MP in 1969, it was a part-time job, but the evolution of parliamentary responsibilities has transformed it into a full-time vocation.
The Ghanaian Constitution, under Article 78(1), mandates that the majority of ministers be appointed from among MPs or those qualified to be MPs. This constitutional provision, while intended to integrate legislative and executive functions for smoother governance, inadvertently sows seeds of inefficiency and potential conflicts of interest.
Until this article is “straightened up,” as Mr. Okudzeto suggests, efforts to strengthen governance structures will be fundamentally flawed. The inherent contradiction of MPs acting as both lawmakers and law implementers must be addressed for any meaningful progress in governance reform.
Moreover, the presence of MPs in ministerial roles disrupts the legislative process. Parliamentarians are expected to be present in the House to engage in debates, vote on issues, and represent their constituents.
Ministerial duties often require significant time and attention outside the legislative chamber, leading to absenteeism and reduced participation in parliamentary activities. This scenario compromises the quality of legislative deliberations and decision-making processes.
The situation calls for a reevaluation of Ghana’s governance structure. Drawing from international practices, many successful democracies maintain a clear distinction between the legislative and executive branches. This separation not only ensures more effective governance but also enhances accountability.
For instance, in the United States, members of Congress cannot hold executive positions simultaneously. This clear demarcation allows each branch to function optimally, without the encumbrances of dual responsibilities.
Electing Local Authorities Improves Accountability
In addition to the legislative-executive overlap, Mr. Okudzeto also highlighted the need for local authorities to be elected rather than appointed.
“This question about appointment is something that some of us do not think is the right approach; people should elect their representatives.
“They should be able to tell them that look, there is a pile-up of rubbish at this place and if you do not remove it, we will make sure that next time you are not elected.”
Sam Okudzeto, Member of the Council of State
This suggestion is rooted in the principle of democratic representation. Elected local officials are directly accountable to their constituents, ensuring that local governance is responsive and reflective of the people’s needs.
The appointment of local authorities centralizes power and disconnects decision-makers from the grassroots level. In contrast, elected officials can be held accountable by their electorates, fostering a more transparent and effective local governance structure.
The call for a reevaluation of how local authorities are selected mirrors the broader theme of decentralization and accountability. In many parts of the world, including several African countries, mayors and local officials are elected. This practice enhances democratic engagement and ensures that local leaders are attuned to the immediate needs of their communities.
The dual role of MPs as ministers of state is a structural flaw that hinders the effective functioning of Ghana’s governance system. The principle of checks and balances necessitates a clear separation between the legislative and executive branches to ensure accountability and efficiency.
As Mr. Okudzeto advocates, it is time to critically assess and amend constitutional provisions that blur these lines. By doing so, Ghana can set a standard for democratic governance that prioritizes transparency, accountability, and the effective representation of its people. The path to stronger governance lies in recognizing and rectifying these systemic inefficiencies, paving the way for a more robust and responsive democratic framework.
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