Ghana is witnessing an alarming increase in rabies cases, with the surge largely attributed to the negligence of many pet owners in vaccinating their pets. Rabies, a deadly viral disease that affects mammals, is transmitted primarily through bites or scratches from infected animals.

Once contracted, it causes fatal inflammation of the brain and nervous system, often leading to death. The situation has become particularly concerning in Ghana’s Ashanti and Greater Accra regions, with a significant rise in cases of dog bites and suspected rabies infections. Rabies is a highly fatal disease if left untreated. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), rabies claims approximately 70,000 lives annually, with around 144 people dying from the disease every day. Alarmingly, 99% of these deaths occur in Africa and Asia, especially in developing countries where public health infrastructure may be lacking and vaccination awareness is limited. Ghana is no exception to this trend. Between 2020 and 2023, the country recorded 793 suspected human rabies cases, most of which were concentrated in the Ashanti and Greater Accra regions. This increase is largely due to the growing population of stray and unvaccinated dogs in these areas, which poses a serious public health risk.

Meanwhile, the launch of the 2024 World Rabies Day celebration, highlighted the concerning statistics and efforts being made to combat the spread of the disease.

The Role of Vaccination in Rabies Prevention

One of the primary factors contributing to the rise in rabies cases is the ignorance or disregard among many pet owners when vaccinating their animals. Speaking at the launch of rabies awareness month, Dr. Emmanuel Allegye-Cudjoe, Chief Veterinary Officer at the Veterinary Services Department, emphasized the urgent need for pet owners to vaccinate their dogs. He also urged the government to expedite the review of the Animal Health Bill of 1961 to reflect current realities, as it could be crucial in addressing the increasing number of rabies cases.

“The population of stray and unvaccinated dogs is growing in these areas, but the time has come for us to change focus and pay more attention to aquatic animal health, because that is where our source of protein comes from. Vaccination is key to preventing rabies, and public awareness must be heightened.”
Dr. Emmanuel Allegye-Cudjoe Chief Veterinary Officer at the Veterinary Services Department

Environmental Concerns: The Impact of Galamsey on Animal Health

While discussing the rabies issue, Dr. Allegye-Cudjoe also touched on the broader public health concerns caused by environmental degradation, particularly illegal mining activities, locally known as galamsey.

“The environment in which [aquatic] animals live and reproduce and given us this protein is being threatened by galamsey activities. Our water bodies are polluted with heavy metals and antimicrobials, which we have to actively survey so that we safeguard public health in this country.”
Dr. Emmanuel Allegye-Cudjoe Chief Veterinary Officer at the Veterinary Services Department

This link between environmental degradation and public health underscored the interconnected nature of various sectors and highlights the need for a comprehensive approach to addressing the rabies problem.

STRAY Dogs — Unvaccinated Stray Dogs in Ghana

Proposed Strategies for Combating Rabies

To address the growing threat of rabies, Dr. Allegye-Cudjoe outlined several strategies the Veterinary Services Department is implementing to improve reporting and surveillance of cases nationwide. One of the key initiatives involves increasing public awareness about the importance of vaccinating pets and educating communities on how to prevent rabies transmission. Additionally, the department plans to enhance the monitoring and control of stray animals, particularly in urban areas like Accra and Kumasi, where the concentration of unvaccinated dogs is highest. He further stressed the need for collaboration between the government, veterinary professionals, and communities to ensure that the necessary resources are available to prevent the spread of rabies.

According to Dr. Allegye-Cudjoe, there is a need for the instituting of measures to improve the reporting and surveillance of rabies cases. He further called on the government to prioritize the review of animal health policies. This will ensure we have the legal framework to better control and manage animal health issues, particularly rabies.

However, the rise in rabies cases, particularly in the Ashanti and Greater Accra regions, called for immediate action. With nearly 800 suspected human rabies cases recorded over the last three years, the time for complacency has passed. Public health experts agree that prevention through vaccination is the most effective way to combat rabies, but this requires greater awareness among pet owners and communities.

Moreover, the environmental threats posed by illegal mining activities add another layer of complexity to the issue. As Dr. Allegye-Cudjoe noted, addressing the rabies problem must go hand in hand with protecting the environment to ensure the health of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. Ghana faces a growing public health crisis with the rise in rabies cases, particularly in its most populous regions. Ignorance about pet vaccination, coupled with environmental degradation from illegal mining, exacerbates the threat to human and animal health. The Veterinary Services Department is taking steps to raise awareness and improve surveillance, but more needs to be done. As Dr. Allegye-Cudjoe aptly put it, the review of the Animal Health Bill and increased attention to both terrestrial and aquatic animal health are crucial if Ghana is to effectively tackle this issue. Without immediate intervention, the country risks seeing even more lives lost to a disease that is entirely preventable through vaccination.