Ghana’s financial sector is gradually stabilizing as the effects of the country’s external debt restructuring appear to have had a less pronounced impact on banks’ capitalisation compared to the Domestic Debt Exchange Programme (DDEP), according to a report by global rating agency Fitch.
This is a significant development amidst the broader economic recovery efforts post-sovereign default.
Fitch’s analysis highlights that the external debt restructuring process has been far less disruptive for the banking sector than the DDEP. The DDEP, initiated in December 2022, involved the exchange of existing domestic bonds for new ones with longer tenors and reduced coupon rates. This process inflicted substantial losses on banks due to the revaluation of these bonds, causing significant deterioration in capital levels.
Conversely, the external debt restructuring, which focused on renegotiating Ghana’s external obligations, has not had as severe an effect. However, Fitch notes that regulatory forbearance has played a key role in masking the full capital impact of the DDEP. By allowing certain losses to be phased into regulatory capital over time and adopting accounting measures that inflate the value of new government bonds received during the DDEP, regulators have provided temporary relief to banks.
While regulatory forbearance has cushioned the immediate shock to banks’ balance sheets, it raises concerns about the long-term stability of the sector. Fitch’s report points out that these measures essentially defer the recognition of full losses, potentially creating future risks. This underscores the need for a carefully calibrated approach to regulatory oversight, balancing short-term stability with long-term sustainability.
Improved Outlook for 2025
Despite the challenges, Fitch maintains an “improving” outlook for Ghana’s banking sector in 2025. The rating agency attributes this optimism to the recovering solvency of banks and a reduction in operating environment risks as the external debt restructuring nears completion and the broader economy begins to stabilize.
Fitch also emphasizes the importance of the banking sector’s strong performance in 2023 and 2024, driven by high yields on government securities. “High profits are driving a recovery in the banking sector’s capitalisation after the large losses imposed by Ghana’s Domestic Debt Exchange Programme,” the report stated. These profits are playing a crucial role in rebuilding capital buffers, offering hope for a more robust financial system in the near future.
The path to recovery for Ghanaian banks has been anything but smooth. The DDEP’s adverse effects have left deep scars on the sector, but the resilience of the banks, coupled with high profits, is gradually turning the tide. The high yields on government securities, a key revenue source, have bolstered profits and accelerated capital recovery. This has provided banks with the financial strength to weather the aftermath of the debt exchange and prepare for future challenges.
Fitch’s analysis indicates that the stabilization of Ghana’s economy will further reduce operational risks for banks. As the external debt restructuring process nears completion, confidence in the financial system is expected to improve, attracting more investments and strengthening the sector’s foundation.
For policymakers and regulators, Fitch’s findings highlight the critical importance of regulatory measures in mitigating the impact of economic shocks on the banking sector. While regulatory forbearance has provided short-term relief, a long-term strategy is essential to ensure the sustainability of Ghana’s financial system.
Ghana’s external debt restructuring has provided a more measured impact on the banking sector compared to the disruptive Domestic Debt Exchange Programme. While regulatory forbearance has offered temporary relief, the long-term resilience of the sector hinges on sustained profitability, effective regulation, and economic stability.
Fitch’s optimistic outlook for 2025 offers a glimmer of hope for the banking sector, underpinned by strong profits and a recovering economy. However, navigating the complexities of the post-restructuring landscape will require strategic policy interventions and robust risk management practices to ensure that Ghanaian banks emerge stronger and more resilient in the years ahead.
As the country continues its journey toward economic recovery, the banking sector’s ability to adapt and thrive will be a cornerstone of broader financial stability.
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