Author: Dr. John Osae-Kwapong, Democracy and Development Fellow, CDD-Ghana, and Project Director, the Democracy Project

Political parties have an interesting history in Ghana. Military interventions during the post-independence era always resulted in a ban on their activities. A key step as part of the transition to multiparty democracy was the lifting of the ban on them and their activities.

The Fourth Republic has seen the longest uninterrupted history of political parties and their activities post-independence. This is also because the 4^th Republic has been the longest uninterrupted period of multiparty democracy since independence.

Such a long and uninterrupted history, plus the availability of ten rounds (1999, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2014, 2017, 2019, 2022, 2024) of Afrobarometer survey data, allows a critical look at how Ghanaians feel about political parties and the implications for their role in sustaining the country’s democratic journey.

Seven Key Observations

Observation 1 – Ghanaians are growing less attached to political parties. In Round 1 (1999), seven out of ten (67%) expressed “feeling close” to a political party. By Round 6 (2014), this had dropped to six out of ten (60%), further dropping to five out of ten (45%) by Round 10 (2024).

In short, the percentage of Ghanaians who say they “feel close” to a political party has dropped significantly by 22percentage points.

Observation 2 – Ghanaians strongly reject a one-party state. When asked “Would you disapprove or approve if only one political party is allowed to stand for election and hold office” the percentage who disapprove/strongly disapprove has ranged between 78% and 90% between 1999 (Round 1) and 2024 (Round 10).

Observation 3 – The demand for more political parties has changed over time. Between Round 2 (2002) and Round 5 (2012), the percentage of Ghanaians saying “many political parties are needed to make sure that they have real choices in who governs them” increased from 56% to 81%. Since then, it has dropped significantly to 69% (Round 10, 2024).

Observation 4 – A strong majority of Ghanaians believe they are completely free to “join any political organization they want.” When the question was first asked in Round 4 (2008), 87% answered “completely free”. In the most recent year (Round 10, 2024), 80% answered “completely free.”

Observation 5 – Ghanaians do not trust political parties – whether opposition or ruling. Between Round 2 (2002) and Round 4 (2008), the percentage of Ghanaians trusting ruling parties “a lot” increased from 16% to 42%.

It then dropped to 18% in Round 6 (2014). After a rebound to 33% (Round 7, 2017), it currently stands at 10% (Round 10, 2024). The same is true of opposition political parties.

The percentage of Ghanaians who trust them “a lot” increased from 5% (Round 2, 2002) to 22% (Round 4, 2008) and held steady at that percentage for the next two rounds (2012 and 2014). Since then, the percentage of Ghanaians who say they trust opposition political parties “a lot” has dropped to 10% (Round 10, 2024).

Observation 6: Any observation of the political space shows that opposition political parties tend to reflect their name well in terms of their relationship with the ruling party. They typically oppose every single act of the ruling party. However, Ghanaians expect greater cooperation from opposition political parties.

The percentage of Ghanaians who say “once an election is over, opposition parties and politicians should accept defeat and cooperate with government to help it develop the country” has increased significantly from 56% (Round 4, 2008) to 66% (Round 10, 2024).

Observation 7: Our political parties, especially the two dominant ones – National Democratic Congress (NDC) and New Patriotic Party (NPP), regularly compete for power during elections.

The country has seen various incidents of electoral violence over the years. This is reflected in how Ghanaians feel about violence when it comes to political competition.

Between Round 2(2002) and Round 4 (2008), the percentage of Ghanaians saying political competition “often/always” lead to political violence dropped from 54% to 32%. However, since then, the percentage of Ghanaians saying same has increased significantly to 70% (Round 9, 2022).

The Takeaway for Political Parties

Political parties are an essential part of our democratic architecture. Their role will continue to be pivotal as the country continues this path of democratic governance and strives for consolidation. Political parties therefore, have work to do. These insights from the Afrobarometer survey point to two critical tasks, among many, for them.

First, political parties must work hard to rebuild trust between them and citizens. Granted, citizens still go out to vote for them during elections but the level of trust currently being expressed is a sign of worry, which political parties must not overlook.

Second, political parties must eschew violence. While there is the tendence to describe electoral violence as “isolated incidents” political parties must be intentional in ensuring that it does not become normalized as part of political competition.