Ghana’s journey toward economic development has been marred by numerous obstacles, but none as pronounced as expenditure inefficiency.

According to Professor Godfred Bokpin, a renowned economist and Professor of Finance, Ghana’s progress is not hindered by its relatively low tax revenue-to-GDP ratio, as often claimed, but rather by the ineffective use of its financial resources.

Prof. Bokpin underscored that Ghana’s tax-to-GDP ratio, currently hovering around 12.6%, is not an outlier when compared to other nations like Malaysia and Singapore. Both countries, despite having similar ratios—12.2% for Malaysia and 12.1% for Singapore—have achieved remarkable development milestones. The difference, he argues, lies in how efficiently these nations allocate and utilize their resources.

Expenditure Inefficiency

For decades, Ghana’s economic policies have focused on increasing tax revenues to fund development projects. However, Prof. Bokpin believes this approach misses the core issue. “The problem with Ghana is expenditure inefficiency,” he stated. “Other countries with lower tax-to-GDP ratios have developed, yet we’ve used this as an excuse for our lack of progress.”

Prof. Bokpin pointed to Malaysia and Singapore as prime examples of nations that have made significant strides by prioritizing efficiency. For instance, these countries operate with leaner cabinets—Malaysia with 20 ministers and Singapore with 16—compared to Ghana’s expansive ministerial structure. This streamlined governance model not only reduces costs but also fosters accountability and effectiveness.

One of Prof. Bokpin’s key recommendations is the reduction of Ghana’s ministerial numbers. He argued that a smaller cabinet could significantly enhance governance efficiency.

“I will be very happy if the president-elect comes to tell Ghanaians that, ‘I’ve reviewed the data and I think I can govern with less than 30 ministers’.”
Prof. Bokpin

This suggestion is not without precedent. Countries like Benin, with a population and economy comparable to Ghana’s, operate with only 24 ministers. Streamlining the government structure could free up resources for development initiatives, reduce waste, and set the tone for a more disciplined approach to governance.

Corruption and Procurement Practices

Another critical area identified by Prof. Bokpin is corruption, particularly in government procurement processes. He revealed that between 2012 and 2021, nearly 85% of large government procurements in Ghana were conducted through single or sole-source contracts, bypassing competitive tendering.

This practice has not only inflated costs but also undermined transparency and accountability. “Inefficiencies in procurement have exacerbated corruption, draining resources that could have been used for development,” Prof. Bokpin noted. He urged the incoming government to adopt competitive tendering as a standard practice to curb these inefficiencies.

The experiences of Malaysia and Singapore offer valuable lessons for Ghana. Both nations have demonstrated that development is achievable even with modest tax revenues, provided resources are managed prudently. They have invested heavily in infrastructure, education, and healthcare while maintaining fiscal discipline and curbing waste.

For instance, Malaysia has focused on public-private partnerships to drive infrastructure development, ensuring that projects are not only cost-effective but also aligned with national priorities. Similarly, Singapore has built a reputation for transparency and efficiency in governance, earning the trust of its citizens and investors alike.

A Roadmap for Sustainable Growth

Prof. Bokpin’s recommendations outline a comprehensive approach for Ghana to achieve sustainable growth. He emphasizes the importance of enhancing expenditure efficiency by prioritizing value for money in public spending and directing resources toward impactful projects.

Streamlining government operations by reducing the size of the cabinet is another key suggestion, aimed at cutting costs and improving decision-making processes.

Additionally, reforming procurement practices is crucial. Prof. Bokpin advocates for adopting competitive tendering to eliminate waste and corruption in government contracts. Investing in human capital is equally vital, with a focus on allocating resources to education, healthcare, and skill development to build a resilient workforce.

Finally, fostering accountability by strengthening institutions will ensure transparency and adherence to fiscal policies, laying the foundation for long-term economic stability.

Meanwhile, Ghana’s development challenges are not insurmountable, but they require a paradigm shift in governance and resource management. By focusing on expenditure efficiency rather than solely increasing tax revenues, the country can unlock its full potential and emulate the success stories of nations like Malaysia and Singapore.

As Prof. Bokpin aptly stated, “It’s not how much you have but how effectively you use it.” For Ghana, the path to economic prosperity lies in spending smarter, reducing waste, and building a government that is lean, accountable, and focused on the nation’s long-term goals.