A new study, drawing upon research from Loughborough University, Australian institutions, and U.S. universities, has sounded a dire warning for the future of global food production.
The findings suggest that rising temperatures due to climate change could significantly impact farmers’ physical capacity to work, potentially leading to a drastic reduction in labor productivity.
According to the research, which was published in the journal of Global Change Biology, key food production regions like Pakistan and India could experience a staggering decline in labor productivity by the end of the century.
Predictions indicate that productivity levels in these regions could plummet by as much as 40%. Similarly, other crucial crop-growing areas across Southeast and South Asia, West and Central Africa, and northern South America may witness a reduction in physical work capacity to as low as 70%.
Lead researcher Professor Gerald Nelson from the University of Illinois emphasized the broader implications of these findings. stating,
“Assessments consistently conclude that climate change will reduce crop yields making food security challenges worse. But it’s not only crops and livestock that are affected. The agricultural workers who plant, till, and harvest much of the food we need will also suffer due to heat exposure, reducing their ability to undertake work in the field.”
Professor Gerald Nelson
The study employed computational models to forecast the physical work capacity (PWC) under various climate change scenarios. PWC is defined as an individual’s work capacity relative to an environment without any heat stress.
These models, developed by Loughborough University, relied on data gathered from over 700 heat stress trials, which involved observing individuals working in diverse temperature and humidity conditions, as well as varying weather elements such as sunshine and wind.
The benchmark for the study was set at the maximum work capacity achievable by individuals in a cool climate, representing 100% physical work capacity. However, the projections indicate a stark departure from this ideal scenario, with significant declines expected across regions crucial for global food production.
According to the study, reductions in capacity mean people are limited in what they can physically do, even if they are motivated to work. This may translate as farmers needing extra workers to do the same job, or if these are not available, then reducing their crop sizes.
Agricultural workers are already feeling the heat, the study reveals, with half the world’s cropland farmers estimated to be working below 86% capacity in “recent past” (1991–2010) climate conditions.
Potential Adaptations to Mitigate the Impact of Climate Change
As a next step, the study considered potential adaptations to mitigate the impact of climate change on agricultural workers. Switching to night-time or shade work to reduce direct solar radiation, was shown to lead to a 5%–10% improvement in worker productivity.
A second investigated option is to increase the global use of mechanical machinery and equipment, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, where agricultural practices largely involve hard physical labor.
Of the importance of the study, Loughborough University’s Professor George Havenith said, “This research demonstrates once again the large impact climate change will have on life in various regions around the world, and quantifies the effects on agricultural productivity”.
“Understanding the full impact of climate change on worker productivity enables us to predict the economic impact of climate change and guide mitigation efforts that ensure we keep workers safe while limiting productivity losses. We hope the suggested adaptations can help guide investments to support agricultural workers and food security as climate change makes the outdoor working environment increasingly inhospitable.”
Professor George Havenith
Meanwhile, the implications of these findings are profound. Beyond the immediate impact on farmers’ livelihoods and well-being, reduced labor productivity in agriculture could exacerbate existing food security challenges, particularly in regions already vulnerable to climate change effects. Moreover, the ripple effects could extend to global food prices, supply chains, and overall economic stability.
Addressing the challenges posed by climate change requires concerted efforts at both global and local levels. Immediate action to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, coupled with investments in adaptive strategies and resilient agricultural practices, is essential to safeguarding food security in the face of rising temperatures.
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